FREE RELIGIOUS STUDY JOURNAL

Before we proceed, I want to mention to you who may be receiving the Free Religious Study Journal for the first time today that you are receiving the second issue of the Journal. If you would like to have the first issue of the Journal, please let me know at admin@theologicaluofa.com. There are a number of possible reasons you are receiving issue 2 first, but the most likely one is that there was not a proper connection with your computer at the time we sent issue 1 of the Journal. I apologize for your inconvenience.

We continue in our studies begun last month and add the beginnings of our Greek and Hebrew studies.

Your Free Religious Study Journal has many possibilities for use. Of course, there is the personal use that each of us can make in our private study time. But, your Free Religious Study Journal fits well with small study groups. Many of you may meet weekly with your friends for study of the Bible or of an important related topic. Your Free Religious Study Journal could be the resource that provides a systematic guide and stimulus for your study group. We will be most pleased to send the Journal to anyone in your group or to anyone whose e-mail address you provide us. They will receive the Journal each month, providing fresh and interesting material for study and meditation.

A new feature will be included in your Free Religious Study Journal beginning next month. We will ask a brother or sister in Christ to share some things about his/her Christian life and service. It will be inspiring and informative to learn what others in Christ are doing to magnify and glorify His Holy Name.

Please let us hear from you. Your comments about the Journal will be greatly appreciated. If you believe the Journal would help others in their study, please either forward to them a copy of your Journal each month or send us their e-mail addresses and we will send them a copy each month. Please use the following e-mail address for your comments and information: admin@theologicaluofa.com

God bless you, Jim Benton

CHURCH HISTORY Please click HERE to return to Current Topics Directory above

OK! We are ready for our second round of church history. I hope you had an opportunity to dig into the suggestions of last month’s church history section. If so, why not take a few moments right now to review that information.

This month, we want to go a little farther in setting the stage for the beginning and expansion of church in history. We will also anticipate some important political and theological figures as well as a few really early important issues that confronted the church in the early centuries.

But, first, I want to put this question before you: what is the Jewish Diaspora and what importance did it have both for the Jews and the young church? The idea and reality of the Diaspora covers a very large period, but, for our purposes, let’s think of its meaning and impact during the intertestamental period and the early centuries of the church. History in the intertestamental period was always seething, very often boiling over into mortal conflict with various players involved.

You might ask yourself questions as follows: What is the Diaspora? When did it begin and why? Who were the main parties to the conditions prompting the Diaspora? What effects did the Diaspora have on the Jews and the Christians, particularly Christian evangelists? To what extent geographically did the Diaspora take root? For Christians, was the Diaspora a positive or negative reality or was it a mixed blessing?

On the very day of the beginning of the church in Acts 2, there is a passage of scripture that was historically true probably because of the Diaspora. Can you identify that scripture? What about that scripture that has the earmarks of the Diaspora? By the way, can you locate in your mind’s eye the various nations, regions, and peoples mentioned in that passage of scripture? If not, why not clear that up this month and have a really good idea of their geographical locations.

Let’s take a turn here and mention some important Roman Emperors. I don’t want to turn this into a study of the History of the Roman Empire (that would be a worthy study and if enough of you indicated by e-mail that you would like to plow that field for a while, we will begin a study in the History of the Roman Empire as soon as we complete one of the studies we are doing now.) but we must have some inkling of the movement of the Roman Empire in history as it effects the church.

You spent some time with Augustus in the first church history issue. He expired in 14AD and Tiberius became emperor. After a few emperors well known to you, future emperors Vespasian and Titus came upon the scene and for Christians and Jews Vespasian and Titus have an important role in religious history. Gather up all the information you can about Vespasian and Titus as relates to the Jews and Christians.

A third emperor I want to mention lived quite a ways down the stream of time – Emperor Diocletian. I will give you this about him – there was persecution afoot for the Christians. But, he did something else with the empire that would have a lasting effect not only on the history of the empire, but most certainly on the history of the church. Exactly what was that? What was the long term fall out from his action regarding the empire?

A fourth emperor that is worthy of attention is Constantine the Great. You just have to know that with the title “the Great” that he did something the Christians of the time really, really appreciated. What other reason would he come down in church history as Great? So, what did he do and what was the fall out of it all. Very interesting study with very large ramifications for centuries to come after him.

We’ll stop right there with the emperors. More to come, but with your already busy ministry schedule, the others can wait.

Now, for some issues. Just a few now. Like the emperors, we’ll add a few more over time.

Gnosticism
Marcionism
Arianism

Finally, a few geographical spots to locate with some attention to their history prior to the coming of the church and afterwards. Many more spots to come as we progress. But for now, here we go:

Arabia
Syria
Parthia
Armenia
Pontus
Bithynia
Cappadocia
Galatia
Thrace
Macedonia

Keep in mind this is not geography for geography sake, although that probably is a good enough reason to ponder these locations. Primarily, we want to see how they fit in the unfolding of church history.

That is it for this time. Farewell and God’s speed until next time. God bless!

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COLOSSIANS Please click HERE to return to Current Topics Directory above

Do you remember your years in grade school? I have a rather hazy blur of those years with a few highlights that remain clear, even vivid in one or two instances. How to write a letter was one of the early lessons I have found useful down through the years. Remember that lesson? Among the basics of a letter, we learned to include a salutation, the body of the letter, and a complimentary close. But, it got more complicated with each new year in grade school. Somewhere along the way, we learned that a paragraph is a complete thought with a topic embedded in it as the central reason for the paragraph. Then, the high tech elements began to demand attention. For example, if I had more than one paragraph, I should indent each paragraph and that each paragraph should logically relate to the previous paragraph and the subsequent paragraph (now the teacher didn’t use that kind of language then – gratefully). And on it went. I thought at the time that a letter must be an endless procession of interconnections leading to a conclusion supporting a purpose or two. And that is about right!

What we have in Colossians is a letter. It too has form and a purpose or purposes and it is written according to accepted procedures of the time. The first research project for this issue on Colossians is to study the form of letters in the first century. There is an abundance of research materials on the topic and you should be able to find useful information in your personal library and the internet. If you don’t have these resources available to you, take a look at Amazon.com and consider buying a book or two on the topic.

Now, having spent some time on researching the word “letter” (you may need to use the word “epistle” in your search machines or when looking in the index of books you have available. No surprise here – epistle is from the Greek word we translate as letter. The word “epistle” is a transliteration, not a translation.), take the information you have turned up and apply it to the letter of Paul to the Colossians.

What do you see there? Any salutation? How about a body? Any concluding remarks and complimentary close? Any surprises that don’t fit with what you learned about letters written in the first century? What do you make of the surprises? How do they fit?

You’re doing great! With that little project behind you, go back to the beginning of the epistle. Assuming you have identified a salutation, body, and complimentary close (if they are there. Are they?), this is the time to look for the broad topics that Paul has weaved into his epistle. What are they? State them clearly to your self. Actually, you might write them down and use them for central thoughts from which to clarify and relate all the elements of the body of his letter.

Right here, I want to suggest a method of gaining understanding of the structure, message, and purpose of an epistle which also applies to our study on Colossians. It is “discourse analysis”.

Again, back to the research mode. What does “discourse analysis” mean? What does it do and how does that help us get a grip on Colossians? A good little exercise for us is to learn what we can over the next month and apply this method to Colossians before we meet again in the next issue of the Journal. If you haven’t run across this method before, it could be eye-popping or, on the other hand, it may leave you non-plussed. In any event, it is highly acclaimed by some and worth our time to study it.

Yes, we will look at other approaches to gaining an understanding of Paul’s letter to the Colossians.

We are not quite through yet.

A little theological question – what is meant by “Christ” as it applies to Jesus? What light is shed on your answer by a study of relevant passages in the OT and in Jewish thought of the time? Take a long look at the New Testament uses of Christ, compare them with the related information you found in the OT and in Jewish contemporary thought. Think about the “Christ”-“Messiah” connection in the scripture. Just how important is having a scriptural understanding of “Christ” and ”Messiah”? Why would anyone (Jews, Muslims, etc.) oppose the use of the words “Christ” and “Messiah” when referring to Jesus? Now that is really important in our current world situation!

OK. We have come to the conclusion of issue 2 on Colossians. But, just this last concern – did you read Colossian three times since last month? Bravo to you who did! See you next time.

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CHRISTIAN COUNSELING Please click HERE to return to Current Topics Directory above

Here we are again! Back on Christian counseling. Welcome! Happy to see you!

Just how weighty is the responsibility of the Christian counselor? Think about that for awhile and write down your thoughts as they become clear to you.

Part of the answer to that is that some person has come to you as a resource and guide to help him/her through a serious problem as he/she perceives it.

First, we want to think about the person;

second, we want to think about the counselor;

third, we want to think about the transaction between the person and the counselor.

First, the person – Beverly comes to your office at the appointed time. You know nothing about her in any personal sense. You have never seen her before and, as far as you know, you know no one who knows her. At this point, you have no idea why she is coming to see you except for your counseling service. All you know is that she made an appointment to see you on a given day and time and she has arrived.

But are you really that ignorant of the person who has come to see you?

Let’s set up two hypothetical situations to indicate an answer to that question.

The first hypothetical situation – from your state university you completed your Master’s degree in psychotherapy with a distinct Rogerian flavor (if you are not aware of Carl Rogers, now is the time to take a break and do a little research. Try the internet. You probably can get enough information to give you the basic premises. Or try an encyclopedia. But, get some info on Rogers! Ok?)

Now, that you have a smattering of Rogerian psychotherapy, what basic assumptions will you make about a person from a Rogerian point of view whom you have never met who comes to you for counseling? Take a little time to think through this. Write down your thoughts as you brainstorm this question. The thoughts you write down become the projections of fact by which you characterize this person who has come to see you. What you know about that person is the projections you make from the premises of your Rogerian stipulations about human nature. You say to yourself, “I know this much about this woman” and you are referring to those projections based on the Rogerian point of view.

The second hypothetical situation - you completed your Master’s degree in Christian counseling from a Christian school known for strict respect for the Word of God as pre-eminent for good in all the affairs of mankind. Along with your major in Christian counseling, you completed a number of courses in Biblical Studies through which you learned of the creation of mankind in the image of God and of the eternal destiny of mankind. You learned of man’s inherent dependency upon God and God’s love for mankind.

Now, with your understanding of the origin of mankind and God’s love for mankind, what basic assumptions will you make about a person whom you have never met who comes to you for counseling? Take a little time to think through this. Write down your thoughts as you brainstorm this question. The thoughts you write down become the projections of fact by which you characterize this person who has come to see you. What you know about that person is the projections you make from the premises of your religious understanding about human nature. You say to yourself, “I know this much about this woman” and you are referring to those projections drawn from the Word of God.

Now, compare the results of your Rogerian exercise with the use of the Word of God. Are they diametrically opposed? Do they support one another? Are there elements of each that function well with elements of the other?

Does it make any difference how you understand the human nature of Beverly? Does it make any difference whether you think of Beverly as the outcome of a long succession of evolutionary chemical reactions or a person whose original ancestors were especially created by God and for God? Detail your answers to each option and compare them. Draw conclusions as to the implications for your responsibility as a counselor from each option.

Right here, it will be most beneficial to track down in the OT and NT statements and situations which light up the scriptural insights a Christian counselor should have in approaching and resolving counseling responsibilities. Record the citations. Read them several times. Meditate on their meaning that particularly relate to you as a counselor. Try to imagine their application in real life situations which you have already encountered or will encounter.

Clearly, to gain the most from today’s discussion of Beverly and the two hypothetical situations of this issue reflection on the material presented is essential. Take time to think through every aspect of the material presented. If you have a study partner or partners, share your insights and thoughts with one another. It will help get to the deeper meanings if you have a study partner(s) in these sections on Christian counseling.

Keep reading in books on Christian counseling and psychotherapy as well as secular psychotherapies and psychotherapists. We will cover the material as the months pass. Gaining a good background in these matters will make the studies in Christian Counseling in the Free Religious Study Journal more beneficial.

Next month, we will take a little time to discuss the counselor in the area of responsibility as a counselor.

Following that discussion, we will discuss the transaction.

For a “kicker” at the end of this study, let’s begin a study of leading persons in psychotherapy and counseling psychology. Unquestionably, you will disagree with much that you read. But, there is much, also, to be gained and used in a proper Christian counseling context.

I mentioned Carl Rogers. Now, we will add Sigmund Freud. Is there anyone who hasn’t heard of him? Dig around and see what you come with in Freud’s career and influence. Look at it critically! What’s good? What’s bad? Apply your knowledge of scripture to your critique and evaluation of the information you are gaining? Sift it and determine if there is anything there that you as a Christian counselor can use.

Until next time, God bless you!

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WOMEN IN RELIGIOUS HISTORY Please click HERE to return to Current Topics Directory above

Hello my dear friends, sisters, and brothers in Christ! Nice to visit with you again this month.

Is there any subject concerning humans more ennobling and inspiring than studying the wonderful women of religious history? Even when you take into consideration the failures (we all make them folks; it is not gender driven.) the overwhelming positive and uplifting testimony of the lives of the women in religious history gives insights into what we all should be and can be.

Clearly, from the scripture, the world was not complete without a woman. Recall the episodes in Genesis where Adam was naming all the animals and looking them over? Every thing was perfect; everything good, as God Himself had said. But, God wanted to make a very big, important point to Adam and all the rest of us – as perfect and good as His creation was, it was not complete! Something, someone was missing!

Just imagine how Adam was feeling. Who did he talk to? Well, I have two pets (Boston Terriers) and you can only talk to animals for so long and not be considered a bit strange. Who did he spend time with? The animals had their own lives to live and there is no indication that any of them wanted to spend time with Adam. What was around among creation with which he could share his feelings and innermost thoughts? Narcissus in Greek mythology spent a lot of time looking at himself in water’s reflection and maybe Adam saw himself occasionally in the water that was around. And, if he did, he no doubt thought “am I the only one like me?” “Is there no one who thinks and feels and loves the way I do?” No there was not; not until God decided Adam had realized both his need and the importance of the solution God was about to prepare.

Today, read and reflect upon the creation story in Genesis. I emphasize “creation” not the “fall” story. Much too often, the “fall” is the magnet that draws our thoughts to Eve. Sure, she sinned. So did Adam. In the big picture, sin has caught us all, male and female? Would the results would have been the same if Adam had sinned first and then Eve?

I would rather us think about Eve as the first woman, the first wife, the first mother, the first person who probably took care of everyone when they were sick, hungry, or in some other kind of need. I often think of Abraham Lincoln’s statement, “All that I am or ever hope to be, I owe to my angel mother!” If you see a good mother as a good gift from God, then Abe’s statement is probably true.

I feel quite confident that each of you located and studied in the Old Testament 20 women (that was the suggestion last month). Since I am confident of that, we will move on to this point: determine which of these women were mothers and which were not. When you have done that, study carefully their personal lives as women, then as wives or not, then as mothers or not, and then in every other capacity in which you find them busy and productive.

Along with that study of the 20 women, include a few definite facts. Determine where they born and find the locations on a map. Who were their parents and what were their ethic origins and nationalities? Did they live in cities or in the countryside? What was their economic status in their society? What were the marriage customs in the regions or ethnic practices where the women were born and/or lived? What opportunities did religion and society allow for both married and unmarried women? What specifically did these women do that would be the reason God included them in the Old Testament?

When you read the Old Testament with an eye focused on women, do you notice whether or not the men in the Old Testament understood the importance of a woman’s enrichment of and contribution to life? The writer of Proverbs certainly got it right on the points he was making. But do you see other men in the Old Testament “getting it right” regarding the importance and contributions of women? One of the low points has to be the way Abraham treated his wife in Egypt. Anyone disagree? So, before next month, check out the attitudes and behaviors of men towards women in the Old Testament and compare them to the attitudes and behaviors God wanted men to have toward women. See any differences? If so, clearly spell them out and, using scripture (only Old Testament for right now; we want to stay in the time zone of the OT) make note of them.

That may be just enough to do over the next month. You might consider taking notes from your study and organizing your notes so as to be usable in teaching others. By the end of our study on this subject, you will have covered an enormous amount of useful material. Take this opportunity to build up your “storehouse” of information on women in the history of religion.

I want to part with this question. Do you have a copy of the apocrypha? If so, great. If not, please get a copy. Largely, it was written during the intertestamental period and often gives great insights into women and their lives of courage and sacrifice and service. See what you can come up with. Probably next month I will take a little space to make a few suggestions how we may benefit from studying the women in the time of the apocrypha. We will go from the OT times through the intertestamental times, to New Testament times and then on through history until our present time. Lots of good stuff ahead!

God bless you and your family!

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GREEK Please click HERE to return to Current Topics Director above

Back to the trenches! To the basics! Where else but the fundamentals for a starting place! Accelerate – we will, but just in case the Greek in our brains is on a hiatus we will start at the “top left corner” as we say in music and, again in music, move “poco e poco” so as to” leave no Greek student behind! “

What is more basic than the alphabet? Not much, so we will start with it. The following is a diagram familiar to most of you. While it lacks a great deal in decor, its austere functionality is absolutely essential to even your first word in Greek. So, Behold! The Alphabet!

NEW TESTAMENT GREEK ALPHABET

(Please note that unless you have the Greek Symbol Font on your computer enabled, you may not be able to view the Greek letters. Go to your computer language preferences and select Greek.)

alpha

iota

rho

veta

kappa

sigma

g-/yi-amma

lambda

tau

delta

upsilon

epsilon

phi

stigma

xi/ksi

khi

zeta

omicron

psi

eta/ita

omega

theta

In case you can not get your computer to cooperate with you, just dig out your old beginning New Testament Greek book and look up the alphabet. You don’t know where your old grammar is? Well, try the internet. It has a plethora of sites offering New Testament Greek at every level of competence. Just pick the one that suits you.

No, we are not stopping with the alphabet in this issue. Remember, we are going after the basics. We are doing “two-a-days”. We are on a 20 mile march with our 60 pound packs on our backs (for my fellow veterans. Remember the fun?)

Enter mysterious big word – dipthong! (has nothing to do with the beach!) What is a dipthong and what is it in Greek? Well, that’s for you to know or find out! First assignment – do a little research, some review and identify the Greek dipthongs.

Acid test time: do you have a new testament text in Greek? You will need one, so, if you do not have one, pony up and buy one. You can get some good bargains at Amazon.com. I will assume that we all of us have a copy of the Greek New Testament.

Let’s pick a book in the New Testament. Gospel of John. Ever read it? It’s the fourth gospel in the NT. Ok, Ok, Ok! I am just kidding you.

Now here is the assignment for this month.

Begin with verse 1 Chapter 1 of the Gospel of John. From there we will work at the level of our current Greek competence. Here goes:

If you have never had Greek, identify and pronounce every letter and dipthong that you find in the first 10 or so verses. (You will have to have done your research above in order to make this work. No short cuts!)

If you have had one year of Greek but are a bit uncertain about your present tenses, past tenses and aorist tenses especially when awash in the indicative, subjunctive, and imperative moods, don’t remember why one noun is first declension and another is second, why one is feminine and another masculine and another neuter, this tasty little exercise with stir your emotions and energize your resolve.

Identify every part of speech for each word in each verse of thee first 10 or so verses. Identify the tenses and moods. Identify the nouns, their gender, number, case, and declension.

For one and all: time for nitty gritty:

Time to learn (review or re-learn) some Greek words. Since we have a whole month before we gather again, I don’t see why we should tremble before a vocabulary list of 30 words (like vitamins – one a day).

Split your vocabulary list into teams – the verb team and the noun team. I don’t care which one you root for; you may even want to name them – verbs “the wildcats” – nouns “the razorbacks” (my favorite team) but put 15 words on each team.

Not that we should be accused of slacking off right at the beginning of our Greek venture, let’s add to the fun the identification of those neat endings that go on a verb stem that make it present tense, 1^st, 2^nd, 3^rd, singular and plural persons. (We’re putting some “beef” on our verb team!) Now, the noun – do up the nouns in the first declension with the ending for each of their cases, singular and plural. You know that two systems are generally afloat in assigning cases and endings to nouns. One system has the following:

Nominative

Genitive

Dative

Locative

Instrumental

Accusative

Vocative

The other system is not so “wordy”; kinda “tight lipped”.

Nominative

Genitive

Dative

Accusative

Vocative

We can live with either, but each has syntactical ramifications that we will get a handle on later on.

For now, if you have a favorite system, use it.

Let’s hang up the pads for this month. Keep at it every day. Greek today; Greek tomorrow; Greek forever!

God bless you!

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HEBREW Please click HERE to return to Current Topics Directory above

Hello everyone! Welcome to this Hebrew study. This study is designed primarily for persons who have had at least one semester of Hebrew and who want to have a systematic review of the language. Now, if you have not had any Hebrew you can still learn quite a lot of Hebrew. You may have to dig a little deeper with a little more energy. But- you can do it. I suggest that you find some good internet sites for additional information on the basics and/or purchase a Hebrew textbook and possibly a CD. Along with what we present here, you should do very well.

The first bit of Hebrew you will see is the alphabet below. Doesn’t look much like English and it reads in the “wrong” direction – from right to left. With that in mind, start with the first letter and pronounce each letter all the way to the bottom left hand corner. Practice in Hebrew is absolutely necessary not just for perfection but for any progress at all.

After you have pronounced your way through the alphabet a few times, take a pencil or pen in hand and practice writing the individual alphabetical letters. Don’t get discouraged. It’s not a beauty contest. It is ok to look a bit messy for awhile. Just keep practicing and you will soon become rather proud of your work. Those of you who have an artist “gene” should turn out some terrific lettering before you know it.

You will notice under each letter a pronunciation aid. Do the best you can with getting the sound right. This is where a CD with the vocalization of the alphabet will be especially useful. Get one if possible and listen to it and practice pronouncing the letters as the CD does. Until then, do your best. You can always correct your vocalizations later.

Also, the alphabet list below repeats some of the letters before going on to the next one. Kaf – Khaf; Mem-Mem; Nun-Nun; Pe-Fe (Phe); Tzade-Tzade. The difference occurs when the letter is at the beginning of the word and the end of the word. For example, Kaf is used when it is the first letter in a word; Khaf is used when it is the last letter of a word. We will come back to this alphabetical usage later.

For now, just practice writing the two forms of each letter. Before passing on to another basic topic, I want to mention that all of the letters below are consonants.

All consonants? That’s right! Where are the vowels? That’s what we will discuss now. Let’s not complicate this discussion right now with an explanation about the development of vowels in Hebrew and the vowel system that is used in the early stages of learning the language. As you go along, you will be able to read Hebrew with only the consonants representing the words of the text. But, for now, we will stick with the vowel systems in common use.

The vowels are indicated by signs below and above the letter. We will illustrate the signs and the letters later. Now, we just want to mention the names of the vowel signs. Do not worry about what they mean or do or where they fit on the letter. We will cover all that, too. But for right now, just acquaint yourself with the English spelling and pronunciation of them. I list them below without any indication of the nature and use of the vowels. Just the words for the sake of getting used to them.

Pathah

Hireq

Qibbus

Seghol

Qames

Sere

Holem

I want to throw into the mix for the sake of familiarization only the following vowel elements.

Simple shewa

Composite shewa (called a hateph in connection with certain vowel signs)

You should be able to recall the meaning and usage of each. If not, go to the woodshed and refresh your memory.

At this point I want to drop a few Hebrew words taken directly from various sections of Genesis 1. You should have no trouble with these words if you have had at least one semester of Hebrew.
And those of you who have not had any Hebrew will be able to figure them out by referring to the chart above. Now, you may not hit them right on the target, but just by trying, you will have made a start in your Hebrew. Congratulations! That will be great. Give it a go!

אמֶר

אֱלֹהִים

בֹקֶר

יוֹם

קָרָא

Enough for now on Hebrew words. Just a few to whet your interest and spark your linguistic curiosity and skill. Much more later, of course.

Please keep in mind that this is a review for those who have had at least one semester in Hebrew and probably more. With that in mind, I want to jump ahead into the verb systems that we will also study as we proceed through this study. Again, the purpose is to refresh our minds with the names of the verb systems in Hebrew. You, no doubt, remember the following words in connection with verbs.

Qal

Niphal

Piel

Pual

Hithpael

Hiphil

Hophal

If you don’t recall the importance and meaning of each, dig up your old textbook or some other source and refresh your memory.

Let’s take a break here. If you haven’t worked in Hebrew recently, you may want to have more time to review and practice the information above. If you can, study ahead in your Hebrew textbook.

Next time, we will work with vowels again and introduce ourselves to nouns and go further into the verbs. All of this should come back to you rather quickly. But, we are in no hurry. Best to get it right than to get it over with.

I have enjoyed being with you today. God bless you in your ministry.

Looking forward to seeing you next time.

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